Primarizky, Hardany and Yuniarti, Wiwik Misaco and Lukiswanto, Bambang Sektiari (2016) Benefits of pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) fruit extracts to weight changes, total protein, and uric acid in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) as an animal model of acute renal failure. Veterinary World, 9 (11). pp. 1269-1274. ISSN ISSN 0972-8988, eISSN 2231-0916

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Abstract

Renal failure is the failure of kidneys to remove excess metabolites which are accumulated in the blood. It is a systemic disease and a final common pathway of various urinary tract and kidney diseases [1]. It triggers electrolyte balance disorders, acid-base and water, renal failure. The failure is classified into acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure [2]. The ARF is characterized by the decrease of the urine volume and an increase of urea and creatinine values in 24 h [3]. The progressive weight loss, increased levels of uric acid (UA), and a decrease of total plasma protein are also major indications of patients with ARF. The number of patients with kidney failure increases quite a lot and is predicted to continue every year. This is due to factors such as false dose of nephrotoxic drug consumption, lack of public awareness about the dangers of kidney disease and its prevention which should be done from an early age, and so on [4]. Determining kidney damage can be carried out by checking physical parameters such as weight measurement and biochemical parameters such as the examination of the levels of urea, creatinine, UA and the total serum protein. Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that lie behind the peritoneum, on both sides of the vertebral column. The cross-section of the kidney is divided into two parts, namely, the cortex and the medulla in which the cortex is darker than the medulla [5]. The renal medulla is conical masses which are called renal pyramids [6]. The size of kidney in various species is primarily determined by the number of their nephrons [7]. The general structure of histological kidney can be shown in Figure-1 Most potassium and UA is reabsorbed by a distal convoluted tubule and secreted into a distal. Aim: The occurrence of acute renal failure (ARF) cases continues to increase every year. Some of the cases are due to nephrotoxic effect caused by overdose of antibiotic consumption or abuse of the drug, gentamicin. An antibiotic therapy that can be used to overcome in such a case is the pomegranate extracts. However, until now, studies using pomegranate for cases of ARF have not been done. This study aims to determine changes in body weight, the levels of total protein (TP), and the levels of serum uric acid (UA) as a result of the pomegranate extract consumption. Materials and Methods: A total number of 32 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four groups randomly. One group was assigned as the control group (P0) and given intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline and 0.3% carboxy methyl cellulose sodium (CMC) Na; P1 was provided with 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and 0.3% CMC Na orally, P2 was supplied with 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and ellagic acid in 0.3% CMC Na, and P3 was given 80 mg/kg bw/i.p. gentamicin and 150 mg/kg bw pomegranate extract in 0.3% CMC Na. The provision of treatment was carried out in 8 days and followed by making the overthrow of body weight and blood sampling for the examination of study variables. Results: The results taken by doing the analysis of variance method for the four treatment groups show that the control group (P0) has significant differences from P1, P2, and P3 (p<0.05), but there are no significant differences among the other three treatment groups. Meanwhile, the average values of serum UA levels among P1, P2, and P3 indicate significant differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, the administration of pomegranate extracts in the treatment of nephrotoxicity toward rats is effective to maintain normal body weight, normal TP levels, and the UA blood serum of the rats. As this study is a preventive therapy, it needs further researches about the effective dose as a curative therapy, its level of effectiveness and its long-term side effects. Keywords: acute renal failure, gout, pomegranate extract, total protein

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