Kuntaman (1999) Angka Kejadian Dan Karakterisasi Plasmid Pengkode Kebal Obat Pada Lingkungan Dengan Berbeda Tingkat Penggunaan Antimikroba Studi Kekebalan Pada Obat Ampisilin Dan Plasmid Pengkode Kebal Ampisilin Di Rsud Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Disertasi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA.

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of antimicrobial used on the incidence rate and the characteristics of the resistance plasmas in hospital waste water. The characteristic of plasmids were defined as the plasmid size and the joining presence of non-ampicillin resistance expressed gene in arnri illin selected transforman cells. The selected antimicrobial chosen in this researc were beta-lac tam drug, particularly ampicillin, and consequently the plasmid that encodes for ampicillin resistance. Two hospital's wards as research locations were Psychiatry ward and Urology ward of Dr, Soetozno Regional General liospital Surabaya, The usage of ampicillin and the total amount of the beta-lactarn drugs, in Psychiatry ward were significantly less than in Urology ward, These differences were the frequency of inpatient who got an antimicrobial drug or the averages of the drugs dose (in g) consumed per patient. The frequency of Psychiatry ward patients receiving an ampicillin and all kinds of beta-lactam drug were 5.33%, and 818%, and no patients got sulbcnicillin or cephalosporine, whereas in Urology ward, the patients got an arnpicillin, suibenicillin, cephalosporine and all kinds of beta-hewn drug were 23,83%, 32.64%, 23.83% and 73 58% respectively. The average dose of the drug consumed per patient, for ampicillin and the total amount of the all beta-lactam drugs, in Psychiatry ward were 0.3728 g and 0.5024 g per patient and no patients got sulbenidlin or eephalosporine-, whereas in Urology ward patients got an artipicillin, sulbenicillin

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