John Lodewyk Rantung, - (1999) Studi Biomonitoring Dampak Ekologis Deposit Asam Di Kabupaten Gresik Jawa Timur. Disertasi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA.

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to know whether Gresik indicated the sign of having the effect of acid deposition, to know if in the area, there was ecosystem biotic having the acid deposition effect, to know which component of the ecosystem biotic could be an indicator of acid deposition and to know the use of ecosystem biotic in biomonitoring acid deposition and whether Pterocarpus indicus and lichen were effective for biomonitoring of acid deposition. This field study was observasional or expost facto". The study design was used "Cross sectional.The result of the study showed that in Gresik area, the exposed area~ (Tlogopatut, Roomo dan Randu Agung) and the unexposed area (Racitengah), the value of rain pH was influenced by consentration factor of so4 and assumed that the acidity of the rain was netralized by calcium oxide (CaO) contained on dust from source of cement and lime industry . The acidity of rain was significantly different between each exposed locations and in exposed location. The acidity of rain had not given the damaged effect of Pterocarpus indicus and lichen. The concentrations of so2 and NOx in dry season and wet season did not overlimit of ambient air threshold. And for dust particle in dry season overlimited of the ambient air threshold, but in wet season did not overlimit the threshold. The trend of the con centrations of so2 and NOX in wet season were more than in dry season. Beside that the consentrati on of NOv was more than the consentration of so2 both in dry seas on and wet season. Dry deposition in wet season had been dis so lved by wet deposition, so did not influence the damage of Pterocarpus indicus and lichen compared with the dry season . The level of the damage of morphology and the anatomy of Pterrocarpus indicus in dry season was significantly different from the wet season. It was assumed that there was trend that the sulphat dry deposition was more than nitrat deposition , but its influence to the damage of leaf and lichen was additiveor sinergistics. The exposed areas of Gresik, mainly Gresik, Hanyar and Kebomas showed that there was acid deposition (dry and wet depositions). Dry deposition influenced significantly to the damage of leaves, theindex of damaged leaves, the damage of stomata, the index of the damaged stomata, and chlorophil of the angsanatree (Pterocarpus indicus) and the lichen morphology, the of similarity and the content of lichen sulphur. The sign of wet deposition (acid rain) at 5,60 pH was still in normal limit for growing of the tree and lichen, so itdid not.influence the damage of those plants. The damage of the biotic components correlated linearly with dry deposition. The higher dry deposition would cause the higher width of leaves damage, the amount of the stomata damaged, the index of damaged stomata, and reduced chlorophil of the angsana tree (Pterocarpus indicus) and index of the complexity and the index of equality of lichen. Lichen and angsana tree (Pterocarpus Indicus) in Gresik could be the biological indicators for monitoring the acid deposition effect. The width of damaged leaves, the index of width damaged leaves, the amount of damaged stomata, the index of damaged of stomata, and the chlorophil content of angsana tree (Pterocarpus indicus), the lichen morphology, the index of abundance, the index of equality and the index of similarity and the content of lichen sulphur could be used as biotic components of ecosystem in biomonitoring acid deposition. Lichen and angsana tree were effective for biomonitoring of acid deposition.

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