Irine Normalina (2022) Profil Respon Imun Seluler Spesifik Dan Karakteristik Molekuler Koinfeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus – 1 (Hiv-1) Dengan Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (Sars-Cov-2). Disertasi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA,.

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Abstract

Chronic disease comorbidities are also a driving factor for COVID-19 deaths, one of them HIV/AIDS is characterized by an abnormality of the immune system. Analysis of immune parameters is needed to find out how the immune system responds to HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. In addition, analysis of the molecular characteristics of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 virus is also needed to determine whether there is a tendency for susceptibility of certain HIV subtypes that are more sensitive response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immune response analysis using ELISA method with TNF-?, IFN-?, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 test parameters. Examination of the number of CD4+ lymphocytes was also carried out for samples coinfected with HIV-1 and SARSCoV- 2. Molecular analysis of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 coinfected samples using qualitative and quantitative PCR, followed by sequencing, then processed in silico sequences for modeling the 3D structure of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 proteins. A total of 74 blood samples and nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal swabs of HIV-1 patients were analyzed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results of the analysis obtained as many as 3 (4%) positive samples of SARS-CoV-2. Analysis of immune parameters showed that the increase in levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines exceeding the normal threshold was found in A1 sample which was an individual with HIV-1 and SARSCoV- 2 coinfection without ARV therapy. An increase in cytokine levels also occurred in A1 and A2 samples, both of which were coinfected individuals with HIV-1 and SARSCoV- 2 who were treated with ARV, but the cytokine levels in both samples were still below A1 sample. Molecular analysis showed that the HIV-1 virus found was a subtype of CRF01_AE and had the closest sequence homology to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Molecular docking analysis of the combination of ARV used by the two samples coinfected with HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 with Mpro SARS-CoV-2 showed that zidovudine was the ARV with the strongest binding affinity compared to the other four ARV.

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