Fatmawati (2021) Etnografi Kakus: Ruang Dan Kelas Sosial Masyarakat Pedesaan Di Kabupaten Bangkalan, Madura. Thesis thesis, Universitas Airlangga.

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Abstract

Sanitation problems tend to be considered as the problems of public health without considering its cultural factor. However, lack of access to toilets and open defecation behaviors are closely related to the cultural knowledge of the local community. Each community group has a certain view and knowledge of sanitation, including their ideas, basic concepts, rules, symbols, and complex meanings. Therefore, the research of sanitation problems in rural Madura in this study used a cultural studis approach. The study aims to understand the cultural knowledge of the Madurese rural community about kakus (toilet). This study used the ethnographic method of James P. Spradley to understand the views and understandings of the local community about kakus from their perspective. The ethnographic study was conducted in two villages in Bangkalan Regency, a village that represents ODF (Open Defecation Free) villages and a village with the lowest access to kakus and practice open defecation based on the data from STBM website. This study used the ethnography as a theory then combined it with Henri Lefebvre’s theory the production of space to examine the spatial practice, representations of space, and representational spaces of the kakus. The results of this study indicate that every household in the two villages has 100% access to kakus. However, a minority of the farmers still practice open defecation. Based on the spatial practices, the Madurese rural community has a wide cultural knowledge about kakus and has diverse kakus rules that always evolve. It is reflected in the physical form, specific in use, and the location of kakus. They considers kakus as a private space and (or) a public space. The majority of them regard the concept of holiness should be a major concern based on the teachings of Islam that they adhere. So, there is no harmony between the concepts of purity, cleanliness, and health that they represent in the kakus room. Besides, the latrine is also a symbol of identity, a symbol of class struggle, and a symbol of power for its owner.

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