Begum Fauziyah (2021) Pengembangan Bahan Baku Selulosa Dan Nanoselulosa Ampas Tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Sebagai Upaya Mendukung Kemandirian Produksi Bahan Baku Sediaan Farmasi Halal. Disertasi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA.

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Abstract

Saccharum officinarum L. is known as one of the potential waste for the source of cellulose and nanocellulose, which are commonly used as excipients for different types of drug products. The aim of this study was to isolate and synthesize the cellulose and nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by using halal procedures, and to perform the characterization of the organoleptic and physicochemical properties as well as to confirm the specifications of resulted cellulose and nanocellulose compared to those described in the pharmacopeia. The method includes acid-base hydrolysis, and its conditions were optimized based on the variations of acid types and concentration, different concentration of hydrogen peroxide for bleaching, hydrolysis time and the speed of centrifugation. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed using FTIR spectra showed that optimum condition for the isolation of cellulose was obtained by using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (1:1); whereas the optimum condition for the synthesis of nanocellulose was achieved by using 50% sulfuric acid with hydrolysis time of 30 min. and centrifugation speed of 3500 rpm. The infrared spectra of sugarcane bagasse, cellulose and nanocellulose isolated from sugarcane bagasse demonstrated that delignification process was observed and successfully removed the hemicellulose. The 2θ area of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse cellulose and sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose of XRD graph were around 15, 22 and 34. The crystallinity index of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse cellulose and sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose were 53.05%; 64.45% and 71.69%, respectively. The SEM analysis for sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose samples showed that the diameter of nanocellulose was between 82.83 and 158 nm. The particle size of nanocellulose was 169.9 nm measured by PSA. The organoleptic characteristics and specifications of sugarcane bagasse comply with the Japan Pharmacopeia XV except for the percentage of ash content; whilst organoleptic characteristics and specifications of nanocellulose comply with nanocellulose specified by Japan pharmacopeia XV. Based on the halal critical point flowchart, sugarcane bagasse is recommended to be developed as halal pharmaceutical raw materials.

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