Sanggar Kanto (2024) Mobilitas Tenaga Kerja dari Desa ke Kota: Studi Tentang Faktor Penyebab. Proses dan Dampak Mobilitas Non-Permanen di Dua Daerah Pedenan Kabupaten Malang. Disertasi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA.

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Abstract

The phenomena of labour mobility tend to be more complex as the increase of the flow of migrants from rural to urban areas. The causes, processes and consequences are also more diverse. both in the regions of origin and those in the destinations. The main objectives of the research are: 1) to understand .and analyse the phenomena of labour mobility (the circulation and commutation), mainly the causes, processes and consequences, and 2) to construct social theory based on the Qualitative findings in the field. The research was carried out in two villages in Malang regency, East Java. using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative method was applied by census and survey techniques to households (80 migrant and non-migrant households sample in each village respectively). Case study was applied for qualitative method, using indepth interview to individual migrants and non-migrants (25 and 30 persons respectively), and also to other ten key informen in the sample villages. Snowball sampling were used to select these individual samples. We concluded that, in the individual and household levels, th~ main factors affected labour mobility were perceptions of working in rural areas (for example farmers or farm labourer are perceived as having low social status), motivation to gain more income and experience in the urban areas, the number of household members (especially those of working age and labor force), the size of land ownerships, and lower levels of total household income and mandays in rural areas. On the macro level, there were some structural and functional prerequisites on the labour mobility, such as scarcity of employment and natural resources in the villages, looser norms and social ties, labour recruitments by family and friends, etc. Although the final decisions to migrate were in the migrants themselves, their family also influenced the decisions. In general, labour mobility has influenced the shapes of demographical, sociocultural and economical structures in the rural community. In order to increase the employment in rural areas, as well as to decrease the concentration of migrant flows to cities, we recommend the decentralization of small and middle scale industries and also the services sectors in the rural areas or their nearby.

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