Qaid, Huda R. and Aljunaid, Mohammed A. and Ridwan, Rini D. and Budi, Hendrik S. and Diyatri, Indeswati and Wijaya, Tomy A. and Nathanael, Xavier J. and Cahyadewi, Oktavia B. (2026) Polymethyl methacrylateâ hydroxyapatite: A viable non-metallic alternative for dental implants? Comprehensive surface characterization. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 21 (2). 205 - 215.

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Abstract

Objectives The surface characteristics of implants made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were evaluated in this study. Methods In vitro experiments were carried out using four types of screw implants fabricated from different materials: PMMAâ HA, PMMA coated with HA (PMMAâ HAc), PMMA, and sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched titanium (SLA-Ti). Several characterization procedures were performed in this study. X-ray diffraction was applied to verify the incorporation of HA into the PMMA matrix by analyzing the crystalline structure and phase composition. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure surface roughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualized pore sizes in detail. Contact angles were measured to evaluate the wettability of the materials. Results SLA-Ti had the highest crystallinity value (90 ). By contrast, the polymer-based samples exhibited semicrystalline properties, with 22 for PMMAâ HAc, 16 for PMMAâ HA, and 12 for PMMA. SLA-Ti also exhibited the greatest surface roughness (2.020 nm), followed by PMMAâ HAc (220 nm), PMMAâ HA (128 nm), and PMMA (108 nm), which had noticeably smoother surfaces. PMMAâ HAc had the largest average pore diameter (141.07 ± 217.56 μm), with progressively smaller pores observed in PMMAâ HA (30.86 ± 24.13 μm), PMMA (18.30 ± 9.58 μm), and SLA-Ti (3.97 ± 1.05 μm). Wettability analysis showed that PMMAâ HA exhibited the most hydrophilic behavior, with the lowest contact angle (47.28°). The other materials exhibited lower hydrophilicity, with contact angles of 74.53° for PMMAâ HAc, 75.70° for PMMA, and 84.36° for Ti. Conclusions The surface characteristics of dental implants composed of PMMAâ HA, PMMAâ HAc, PMMA, and SLA-Ti were investigated in this study to assess their potential for creating a favorable environment for osseointegration. © 2026 The Authors.

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