Nailufa, Yuyun and Rosita, Noorma and Hariyadi, Dewi M. (2026) Spray Drying Optimization of Quercetin-Hydrolyzed Konjac Glucomannan Microspheres for Inhalation Delivery. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 10 (4). 8559 - 8567.

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Abstract

Spray drying, widely used in microparticle production involves transforming liquids into free-flowing powders through a continuous process resulting in controlled particle size and uniformity. Particle size, flow velocity, moisture content, and particle shape are critical factors for inhalation delivery. Inlet temperature affects heat distribution and the drying process which can influence yield, morphology, particle size, moisture content, and drug loading. This study evaluated the effect of inlet temperature on spray-dried quercetin microspheres using hydrolyzed konjac glucomannan as polymer. The microspheres were characterized using FTIR, which showed no significant spectral differences among the various temperature conditions. The presence of OH (3200�3400 cm�¹) and CO (1000�1200 cm�¹) functional groups confirmed the presence of quercetin and hydrolyzed konjac glucomannan, respectively while reduced intensity at 1200�1600 cm�¹ indicated intermolecular interactions during encapsulation. Quercetin-hydrolyzed konjac glucomannan microspheres were successfully produced using the spray drying technique resulting in particle sizes of 1.414±0.071-3.394±0.074 µm, moisture content of 7.823±0.245-9.873±0.666 , drug loading of 10.73±1.27-15.72±1.62 , and yield of 65.02±1.14-73.47±0.57 . The optimal inlet temperature of 130°C produced particles exhibiting spherical morphology with an average size, moisture content, yield, and drug loading of 1.800 ± 0.079 µm, 8.267 ± 0.396 , 73.47 ± 0.57 , and 15.12 ± 1.31 , respectively. This study demonstrated that an inlet temperature of 130°C provided the best characteristics, with the highest yield and drug loading, and produced particle with characteristics suitable for inhalation delivery system. © 2026 the authors.

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