Johanes Nugroho (2009) Biomarkers and Jupiter : Prognostic Value and Therapeutic Implications. In: Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Kardiologi-XI "Current Perspective in Cardiovascular Management". Departemen-SMF Penyakit Kardiologi dan Kedokteran Vaskular FK Unair RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Fakultas Kedokteran Unair, pp. 21-24.

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Abstract

cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the reading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, and there is a clear needd to develop novel therapeutic strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk further than is currently possible. Measurement of atherosclerotic progression is an ideal surrogate marker as it is predictive of future cardiovascular events. The "gold standard" for detecting and defining the severity, extent' and rate of atherosclerotic progression has been quantitative coronary angiography. A biomarker is defined as a characteristic that is objectively measurea ana evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes or pathogenic processes or as a physiologic response to a therapeutic intervention. In clinical medicinc, biomarkers are routinely used in disease diagnosis, prognostication, ongoing clinical decision-making, and follow-up to assess effects of therapy, hs- CRP is therefore considered a marker of inflammation that identifies patients at incrcased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, even in individuals without raised levels of LDL-C. CRP seems to be a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than LDL cholesterol, and it adds prognostic. information at all levels of calculated Framingham Risk and at all levels of the metabolic syndrome

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