Retno Widyowati, - and Suciati, - and Dewi Melani Hariyadi, - and Hsin-I Chang, - and IPG Ngurah Suryawan, - and Agung Widi Utama, - (2020) The Effect of Rusa unicolor Antler Deer Extracts from East Kalimantan in Bone Turnover Cell Models. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17 (4). pp. 440-445. ISSN 1304-530X

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a bone condition characterized by skeletal degradation of osseous tissue leading to an increased chance of broken bones.1 It is a condition of old age and supposed to increase with rising age and lifespan. At present, more than 200 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from osteoporosis.2 The latest statistical data from the International Osteoporosis Foundation showed that one in three women above 50 years old and one in five men shall suffer osteoporosis for the rest of their lives.3 Indonesia also has the same problem, whereas the number of osteoporosis sufferers is higher than the latest data (>19.7%). In Indonesia, the number of old people is supposed to increase by 14% in 1990-2025, while menopausal women in 2000 contributed to an increase of 15.5 million to 24 million in 2015.4 For thousands of years, natural plants and animal resources have played a vital role in the development of pharmaceutical drugs and food supplements for the treatment and prevention of diseases.5 One of such resources with great medicinal value is the antler of the deer belonging to the family Cervidae. It is an efficient traditional medicine for strengthening bones and tendons. Researchers assume that the lack of glycosaminoglycans caused disproportion between cartilage erosion and regeneration in osteoarthritis sufferers. These substances have an essential role in cartilage’s structural integrity. Glycosaminoglycan is isolated from four parts of the antler of deer (Cervus elaphus), namely the tip, upper part, middle, and base, through cellulose acetate electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion, and chromatography. Chondroitin sulfate, which contains 88% uronic acid, is the principal glycosaminoglycan. Apart from chondroitin sulfate, deer antler also contains hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate in small quantities.6 Several researches also report that deer antler can reduce or even eradicate symptoms related to osteoarthritis. For decades, Chinese people have traditionally used deer antler extract to strengthen bones, enhance virility, feed blood, supplement vitality, and enhance male and female sexual organs.7 A good number of products analogous to deer antler show great potency on illnesses related to aging, infection, and immune dysfunction. However, the active constituents responsible for this mechanism are unclear.8,9,10,11,12,13 According to some preclinical studies, deer antler products are able to reduce animals osteoporosis.14,15,16 Lee et al.17 showed that facilitation of osteoblast proliferation and mineralization are some of the principal mechanisms of the effects of deer antler products. Furthermore, Choi et al.18 reported inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by deer antlers. Protein, calcium, lipids, ash, collagen, proteoglycan, testosterone, cholesterol, estradiol, glutamic acid, insulin-like growth factor 1, iron, aspartic acid, and glycine are some of the constituents contained in antler.19,20 In the present study, we evaluated 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of Rusa unicolor antler from East Kalimantan Indonesia toward the effect of osteoblast differentiation, mineralization, and expression of inflammatory markers by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alizarin red staining (ARS), and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition values, respectively. , Suciati SUCIATI, , , ,

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