Rumiati, - (2005) Penelitian Multi Situs Di Berbagai Sekolah Dasar Swasta Bernuansa Swasta Dan Umum Di Kota Dan Kabupaten Malang - Jawa Timur. Disertasi thesis, Universitas Airlangga.

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Abstract

In Elementary school the teacher position is dominated by woman, while the head master position is dominated by man. This phenomenon occurred because of the change from domestic rule to public rule in Indonesia seems like run slower comparing with those in America known as the center of feminism movement. In education world endeavoring women is still left behind. This imbalance shows that superiority of man in the case of being head master rooted so deeply that the policy makers do not realize that they have made the policy which against gender .The custom of using man's uperiority is so strong that leader and headmaster position should be taken by man without considering someone's competence. The leader uses their power to hegemony female teacher, so their legitimation still exists. This jlhenomenon shows that there is imbalance in taking headmaster's position between man and woman. Trough this research, it is found that this phenomenon has been a culture in education institutions. This research focuses on (1) the factor that cause the career of female teacher in taking head master' position is obstructed, (2) the criteria of the success of headmaster and headmistress in leading the private elementary school and (3) the custom of job promotion to head master of private elementary school. This research is qualitative research, which uses phenomenology as its social approach. The data in this research are infOrniation about (1) the cause of female teacher's career being obsltucted, (2) the difference of success, (3) the patriarchal culture in job proinotion. The informants used in this research are institution management, National Education ministry and region ministry, beadmaster and headmistress, male and female teachers, homeroom teachers, and student's parents. The data collection used observation interview and documentation. . The data analysis used site and inter-site techniques. In details, the data analysis was done in some analysis steps consisting of: (l) the arrangement of data exposition about school typology in each research site, (2) data analysis on every research site based on each problem of study, (3) analyzing, discussing and categorizing data from each site, according to some relevant theories, based on the conditional backgrounds of each site into some site group, that is Islamic site group, Christian site group and National or general site group, (4) discussing the similarities and the differences in each site group and compare them with either the existing theory or the earlier findings, (5) arranging propositions to create some new innovations. The findings shows that the promotion to headmaster in Islamic, Christian, or generallNational school doesn't follow the promotion system in State Elementary School, although juridically the promotion system of Private Elementary School is equalized with the promotion in State Elementary School. In fact, the appointment of a headmaster of Private Elementary School fully becomes the responsibility of the institution management, in which, in fact, there is a gender discrimination by subordinating woman. This kind of authority is an authority which is not gender perspective No appointment of headmistress is due to woman's biological nature which is inappropriate to be school's administrator. Another reason is religion that is the woman is prohibited to be a leader. It is due to the misinterpretation of institution management about AI-Quran's verses and Hadits textually. Another reason is due to patriarchal culture deeply rooted in either society or decision maker. It is also due to the assumption that man is more superior than woman that woman is always subordinated and become the second position after man. The success of a headmaster and a headmistress in managing school is relative. It depends on the competence of each individual and not on gender. It is due to the fact there is a school led by headmaster is better than led by headmistress. In the contrary, there is also a school led by headmistress is better than led by headmaster. Therefore, this success of school is not determined by gender, but by the creativity and the innovation created by each individual. The promotion to headmaster of State Elementary School is the full responsibility of the institution management. The requirements of the appointment is determined by institution management, written or not. Those requirements are adapted with the situation and the condition of the school or with the atmosphere of each school. The promotion to headmaster generally is gender bias, although in the formal requirements there is no sex distinction. The influence of religion and patriarchal culture are pretty high, but the influence of conventional law and myths subordinating woman is not too high. Therefore, the promotion to headmaster is determined much by policy and requirements of the institution management.

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